Perfil e práticas dos médicos da atenção primária na pandemia de covid-19 em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil / The profile and practices of primary care physicians during the covid-19 pandemic in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil / Perfil y prácticas de los médicos de atención primaria en la pandemia de la covid-19 en Salvador, Bahía, Brasil

Em 2020, a atenção à saúde sofreu o impacto da pandemia de covid-19, e a Atenção Primária não foi exceção. Para melhor compreender a reorganização desse setor no município de Salvador, Bahia, esta pesquisa descreve o perfil dos médicos e as práticas de saúde realizadas por eles na Atenção Primária no contexto da pandemia. Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal descritivo, que se utiliza de um questionário online autoaplicável distribuído aos médicos participantes que atuam nas unidades básicas de saúde que compõem a Atenção Primária do município. Para análise dos dados, foi utilizada estatística descritiva simples. Com um total de 43 questionários respondidos, foram descritos aspectos referentes a: perfil, formação e atuação dos médicos; mudanças estruturais ocorridas e adoção de novas ferramentas de trabalho; manutenção dos cuidados primários de rotina; ações de vigilância em saúde; suporte social a grupos vulneráveis; e atuação clínica em pacientes com covid-19. Com uma maioria de médicas jovens, recém-formadas e em um período curto de atuação nas equipes onde estavam inseridas, observou-se pouco envolvimento em vigilância e suporte a grupos vulneráveis e um abrangente uso de telemedicina e reestruturação do funcionamento das unidades. Contudo, alguns cuidados primários, como acompanhamento de doenças crônicas e puericultura, resultaram em limitações no acesso e, consequentemente, menor atenção ao cuidado longitudinal.

In 2020, health care suffered the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and primary care was no exception. To better understand the reorganization of this segment in the municipality of Salvador, Bahia, this research describes the profile of physicians and health practices performed by them in primary care in the pandemic context. This is a cross-sectional descriptive study using an online self-administered questionnaire distributed to participating physicians who work in the basic health units that are a part of primary care in the municipality. For data analysis, simple descriptive statistics was used. With a total of 43 questionnaires answered, the following aspects were described: profile, training, and performance of physicians; structural changes and adoption of new work tools; maintenance of routine primary care; health surveillance actions; social support to vulnerable groups; and clinical performance with COVID-19 patients. With mostly young females, recently graduated, and with a short period of service in the teams where they were located; little involvement in surveillance and support to vulnerable groups is observed, as well as an extensive use of telemedicine and restructuring of the operation of the units. However, some primary care, such as chronic disease follow-up and childcare, resulted in limitations in access and, consequently, less attention to longitudinal care.

En 2020, la atención sanitaria sufrió el impacto de la pandemia de la covid-19 y la atención primaria no fue la excepción. Para comprender mejor la reorganización de este sector en el municipio de Salvador, en Bahía (Brasil), esta investigación describe el perfil de los médicos y las prácticas de salud realizadas por ellos en la atención primaria en el contexto de la pandemia. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo transversal que utilizó un cuestionario autoadministrado en línea distribuido a los médicos participantes que trabajan en las Unidades Básicas de Salud que componen la atención primaria del municipio. Para el análisis de los datos, se utilizó estadística descriptiva simple. Con un total de 43 preguntas respondidas, se describieron aspectos referentes al perfil, formación y capacitación de los médicos; a los cambios estructurales ocurridos y adopción de nuevas herramientas de trabajo; al mantenimiento de los cuidados primarios de rutina; a las acciones de vigilancia en salud; al apoyo social a grupos vulnerables; y a la capacitación clínica en pacientes con covid-19. La mayoría de las médicas eran jóvenes, recién licenciadas y tenían un corto período de actuación en los equipos con los cuales trabajaban, se observó una escasa implicación en la vigilancia y apoyo a colectivos vulnerables, así como un amplio uso de la telemedicina y la reestructuración del funcionamiento de las unidades. Sin embargo, algunas atenciones primarias, como el seguimiento de enfermedades crónicas y la atención a la infancia, se tradujeron en limitaciones en el acceso y, en consecuencia, en menos atención al cuidado longitudinal.

Norovirus-Associated Gastroenteritis Vesikari Score and Pre-Existing Salivary IgA in Young Children from Rural South Africa.

Norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis, mostly affecting young children worldwide. However, limited data are available to determine the severity of norovirus-associated AGE (acute gastroenteritis) and to correlate it with the NoV-specific IgA antibodies' level. Between October 2019 and September 2021, two hundred stool samples were randomly collected from symptomatic cases for the vesikari score and NoV-specific IgA assessment in young children from rural South Africa. Additionally, one hundred saliva specimens were concomitantly sampled within the same cohort to evaluate the NoV-specific salivary IgA levels. In addition, 50 paired saliva and stool samples were simultaneously collected from asymptomatic children to serve as controls. NoV strains in stool samples were detected using real-time RT-PCR, amplified, and genotyped with RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. ELISA using NoV VLP (virus-like particles) GII.4 as antigens was performed on the saliva specimens. Dehydrated children were predominantly those with NoV infections (65/74, 88%; p < 0.0001). NoV-positive infections were significantly associated with the severe diarrhea cases having a high vesikari score (55%, 33/60) when compared to the non-severe diarrheal score (29.3%, 41/140; p < 0.0308). NoV of the GII genogroup was mainly detected in severe diarrhea cases (50.9%, 30/59; p = 0.0036). The geometric means of the NoV-specific IgA level were higher in the asymptomatic NoV-infected group (0.286) as compared to the symptomatic group (0.174). This finding suggests that mucosal immunity may not protect the children from the NoV infection. However, the findings indicated the contribution of the pre-existing NoV-specific IgA immune response in reducing the severity of diarrheal disease. A high vesikari score of AGE associated with the NoV GII genogroup circulating in the study area underscores the need for an appropriate treatment of AGE based on the severity level of NoV-associated clinical symptoms in young children.

Prevalence of Human Norovirus GII.4 Sydney 2012 [P31] between 2019 and 2021 among Young Children from Rural Communities in South Africa.

Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) accounts for considerable morbidity and mortality in the paediatric population worldwide, especially in low-income countries. Human norovirus (HNoV), particularly GII.4 strains, are important agents of AGE. This study aimed to detect and characterise HNoV in children with and without AGE. Between 2019 and 2021, 300 stool samples (200 AGE and 100 without AGE) were collected from children below 5 years of age referred to the healthcare facilities of the rural communities of Vhembe District, South Africa. After detection using real-time RT-PCR, HNoV positive samples were subjected to RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. Partial nucleotide sequences (capsid/RdRp) were aligned using the Muscle tool, and phylogenetic analysis was performed using MEGA 11. The nucleotides' percent identity among HNoV strains was compared using ClustalW software. A significant difference in HNoV prevalence between AGE children (37%; 74/200) and non-AGE (14%; 14/100) was confirmed (p < 0.0001). Genogroup II (GII) HNoV was predominant in AGE children (80%; 59/74), whereas most non-AGE children were infected by the GI norovirus genogroup (64%; 9/14). GII.4 Sydney 2012 [P31] strains were dominant (59%; 19/32) during the study period. A phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship between the HNoV strains identified in this study and those circulating worldwide; however, ClustalW showed less than 50% nucleotide similarity between strains from this study and those from previously reported norovirus studies in the same region. Our findings indicate significant changes over time in the circulation of HNoV strains, as well as the association between high HNoV prevalence and AGE symptoms within the study area. The monitoring of HuNoV epidemiology, along with stringent preventive measures to mitigate the viral spread and the burden of AGE, are warranted.

Estratégia Saúde da Família e a saúde da criança no Extremo Sul da Bahia, Brasil / Family Health Strategy and child health in the Extreme South of Bahia, Brazil / Estrategia Salud Familiar y salud infantil en el Extremo Sur de Bahia, Brasil

A Estratégia Saúde da Família é ordenadora do cuidado prestado às crianças em assistência, da prevenção de agravos e da promoção da saúde na maioria dos municípios de médio e pequeno porte. Este estudo descreve os cuidados prestados à saúde da criança no Extremo Sul da Bahia, no âmbito da Estratégia Saúde da Família, e discute a ausência do pediatra nesse contexto. Trata-se de estudo descritivo realizado nos 13 municípios da região. Coordenadores da atenção básica, médicos e enfermeiros responderam a distintos questionários online sobre a estrutura da Estratégia Saúde da Família e a forma de atendimento às crianças. Para os coordenadores, a cobertura para identificação precoce da gestação é baixa; 60% dos municípios realizam visita puerperal em até uma semana; na maior parte dos casos, a única triagem neonatal realizada é a biológica; a distribuição da caderneta da criança é regular para 56,2%; e a principal dificuldade encontrada na atenção à criança é a alta demanda da Estratégia Saúde da Família para outros grupos prioritários. As consultas de puericultura não têm agenda organizada, podendo ser periódicas ou por livre demanda, e cerca de 35% a 60% delas resultam no encaminhamento da criança para o parecer de pediatras, mas 90% dos médicos e 74% dos enfermeiros informam não receber contrarreferência do serviço especializado. Os profissionais destacam dificuldades para orientar famílias sobre comportamento, alimentação, higiene e sono. Os resultados possibilitam identificar falhas na assistência e no cuidado integral a esse público, contrariando o que preconizam suas políticas. Sobre a qualidade do cuidado, discute-se o papel do pediatra na composição dessa estratégia.

The Family Health Strategy is the organizer of the care provided to children in assistance, of prevention of diseases, and of health promotion in most Brazilian medium and small municipalities. This study describes the care provided to the health of children in the Extreme South of Bahia, in the context of the Family Health Strategy, and discusses the absence of the pediatrician in this context. This is a descriptive study carried out in the 13 municipalities of the region. Primary care coordinators, physicians, and nurses answered different online questionnaires about the structure of the Family Health Strategy and the way they care for children. For the coordinators, the coverage for the early identification of pregnancy is low; 60% of the municipalities perform puerperal visits within one week; and in most cases the only neonatal screening performed is the biological one; the distribution of the child's booklet is regular for 56.2%, and the main difficulty found in childcare is the high demand of the Family Health Strategy for other priority groups. The childcare consultations do not have an organized schedule, and may be periodical or by free demand, and about 35% to 60% of them result in referring children for a pediatricians' opinion, but 90% of the doctors and 74% of the nurses reported not receiving counter-reference from the specialized service. The professionals highlighted difficulties to guide families about the child's behavior, feeding, hygiene, and sleep. The results made it possible to identify failures in the assistance and comprehensive care to this public, contrary to what their policies advocate. About the quality of care, the role of the pediatrician in the composition of this strategy is discussed.

La Estrategia Salud Familiar coordina la atención prestada a los niños en la asistencia, la prevención de enfermedades y la promoción de la salud en la mayoría de los municipios brasileños de mediano y pequeño tamaños. Este estudio describe la atención prestada a la salud de los niños en el Extremo Sur de Bahía (Brasil), en el contexto de la Estrategia Salud Familiar, y discute la ausencia del pediatra en este contexto. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo realizado en los trece municipios de la región. Los coordinadores de la atención primaria, los médicos y los enfermeros respondieron diferentes cuestionarios en línea sobre la estructura de la Estrategia Salud Familiar y la forma de atención a los niños. Para los coordinadores, la cobertura para identificar precozmente el embarazo es baja; el 60% de los municipios realizan visitas puerperales en el plazo de una semana; y en casi todos ellos el único cribado neonatal que se realiza es el biológico; la distribución de la cartilla infantil es regular para el 56,2%, y la principal dificultad encontrada en la atención infantil es la alta demanda de la Estrategia Salud Familiar para otros colectivos prioritarios. Para los médicos y los enfermeros, las consultas de puericultura no tienen una agenda organizada que pueden ser por periodicidad o libre demanda; y cerca del 35% y 60% de estas remiten a los niños para los pediatras, pero el 90% de los médicos y el 74% de los enfermeros relataron no recibir contrarreferencia del servicio especializado. Los profesionales destacaron las dificultades para orientar a las familias sobre el comportamiento, la alimentación, la higiene y el sueño. Los resultados permiten identificar carencias en la asistencia y el cuidado integral a este público, contrariando lo que preconiza sus políticas. Con relación a la calidad del cuidado, se discutió el papel del pediatra en la composición de esta estrategia.

G6P[8] Rotavirus a Possessing a Wa-like VP3 Gene from a Child with Acute Gastroenteritis Living in the Northwest Amazon Region.

The introduction of rotavirus A (RVA) vaccines has considerably reduced the RVA-associated mortality among children under 5 years of age worldwide. The ability of RVA to reassort gives rise to different combinations of surface proteins G (glycoprotein, VP7) and P (protease sensitive, VP4) RVA types infecting children. During the epidemiological surveillance of RVA in the Northwest Amazon region, an unusual rotavirus genotype G6P[8] was detected in feces of a 2-year-old child with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) that had been vaccinated with one dose of Rotarix® (RV1). The G6P[8] sample had a DS-1-like constellation with a Wa-like VP3 gene mono-reassortment similar to equine-like G3P[8] that has been frequently detected in Brazil previously. The results presented here reinforce the evolutionary dynamics of RVA and the importance of constant molecular surveillance.

Quality of podcasts recorded by nursing lecturers as pre-class learning material for students: An observational study.

AIM: To evaluate the quality of podcasts produced by lecturers as pre-class learning material; to verify lecturers' buy-in, after a specific workshop, regarding the practice of producing and using podcasts. BACKGROUND: The teaching-learning process has undergone significant changes in recent years with the proposal of the flipped classroom strategy, which places the student at the center of the learning process and uses technology that requires adaptation of lecturers, both inside and outside the classroom. Pre-class learning material is one of the features of the flipped classroom model. It provides basic concepts for problem solving in small group discussion in classroom. Podcasts for this educational purpose are a recent technology and their innovative characteristics require deeper understanding in terms of their influence and usability. DESIGN: Prospective, descriptive and quantitative study. SETTING AND POPULATION: A workshop on the production of educational podcasts was offered to 23 lecturers on the Nursing course. METHODS: Data were collected in the second semester of 2021 and the quality analysis was based on criteria available in the literature. RESULTS: Eighteen professors (78 %) participated in the study and 46 podcasts were produced. Most professors being nurses (61 %), followed by biologists (28 %). Most have a doctorate degree (72 %). These podcasts were available for a mean of five days before the classes and their mean access rate by students was 58 %. There was no correlation between the access rate and the period of availability before the relative class. Most podcasts were informative (100 %) and monologues (98 %). The average duration was 6.2 min, which is within the ideal duration recommended in the literature. All of the podcasts included a description of the learning objectives at the beginning and most of them also included a closing message at the end. CONCLUSION: The nursing lecturers were able to produce their podcasts, which met quality criteria and reached the standards suggested by experts in the field.

Babies With Pierre Robin Sequence: Neuropsychomotor Development.

BACKGROUND: The Pierre Robin Sequence presents heterogeneous symptoms, and each newborn can manifest from mild breathing and feeding difficulties to severe complications, as well as a predisposition to present changes in growth and neuropsychomotor development in the first years of life. OBJECTIVE: The aims were to evaluate and associate the neuropsychomotor development of zero- to 12-month-old children with Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) in the personal-social, fine motor-adaptive, language, and gross motor aspects. METHODS: The subjects of the study were 17 infants of both sexes with PRS admitted to the special care unit (SCU) of a reference hospital in the interior of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, in the age range of 20 days to 263 days. Developmental assessments were performed using the Denver Development Screening Test II. The evaluations were carried out in the SCU, with duration of 30 minutes each. Statistical analysis was descriptive using the Mann-Whitney test, two-proportion equality test, and Spearman correlation. The level of significance was set at 0.05. RESULTS: According to Denver Development Screening Test II, median 78.5 of the babies were at risk for developmental delay identified by the Denver II Test (n = 14, 82.4%). For the developmental areas analyzed by the test there was statistically significant difference in language area. CONCLUSION: The babies aged up to 12 months with PRS in this study presented risks for delay in neuropsychomotor development in language, gross motor, fine motor-adaptive, and personal-social aspects, and this finding should be considered to set goals in family orientation and intervention.

Circulation of Vaccine-derived Rotavirus G1P[8] in a Vulnerable Child Cohort in Rio de Janeiro.

BACKGROUND: The expansion of rotavirus (RV) immunization in several countries reduced the burden of acute diarrheal disease (ADD) and diarrhea-associated mortality. Although community transmission of live attenuated monovalent rotavirus vaccine (G1P[8] RV1) virus has been demonstrated in children and household contacts, fecal shedding of these strains in neonates and infants under six weeks of age has never been demonstrated. The objective of the study was to assess ADD and rotavirus vaccine strain shedding before and after immunization through 24 months of age. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study in a low-resource community in which stool samples were collected from neonates from 15 to 45 days of age every 2 weeks, after both doses of G1P[8] RV1, and in subsequent ADD episodes until 2 years of age. RV was detected and genotyped in stool samples by RT-PCR. RESULTS: We enrolled 242 participants who were followed for an average of 23 months. The specific prevalence of G1P[8] RV1 virus was 3.3% in neonates and infants less than six weeks of age, 50% after the first dose, and 25.6% after the second dose. Among the 70 participants with ADD, G1P[8] RV1 virus was identified in only one participant (1.4% prevalence). CONCLUSIONS: In vaccinated children, there were no breakthrough infections with G1P[8] RV1 and ADD was rare supporting high vaccine effectiveness. We observed G1P[8] RV1 virus shedding among neonates and infants before the first vaccine dose, providing evidence of transmission of the vaccine strain from immunized children to those who are not yet vaccinated.

Photobiomodulation in Pain Control in Diseases of the Oral Cavity: Overview (Evidence Map) and Its Implementation in Integrative Complementary Medicine.

Objective: To assess the evidence available and knowledge gaps in photobiomodulation (PBM) for oral facial pain. Background data: Effective identification of a noninvasive resource for oral facial pain such as PBM may mitigate the risks of invasive therapeutic resources. Methods: Nine electronic databases were searched for systematic reviews reporting oral facial pain outcome for PBM. The 3iE (International Initiative for Impact Evaluation) evidence gap map methodology with the tableau was used to graphically display the parameters analyzed in the research. Results: Several wavelengths within the range of infrared were used in 37.6% of the studies, accompanied by the 32.4% in the red range. The quality of the effect was positive in 61.4% of the studies, whereas the impact degree was low, according to the measurement tool used to assess systematic reviews 2 (AMSTAR 2), in 60.2%. Conclusions: Despite the positive potential of PBM in the treatment and control of pain in diseases of the oral cavity, complete information on dosimetry in published studies with PBM is still lacking, making it difficult to reproduce the results found.

The impacts of visual Art Therapy for elderly with Neurocognitive disorder: a systematic review.

Aging is characterized by a reduction in physical, cognitive, and emotional functions, allowing multiple losses in the quality of life of the elderly. As a clinical situation that has a common association with pathological aging, neurocognitive disorder, previously named dementia, has become epidemiologically more relevant over the years. Thus, art therapy has recently emerged as an alternative technique for approaching these individuals, with the aim of improving cognitive, emotional, and quality of life aspects. Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of the application of art therapy based on visual creative processes on cognitive, emotional, and quality of life aspects in elderly people with neurocognitive disorder. Methods: This was a systematic review, carried out using CAPES, PubMed, SciELO, Bireme, PEDro, LILACS, and Scorpus databases between December 2020 and April 2021. Controlled and uncontrolled clinical trials were included in English, Spanish, French, and Portuguese, published between 1970 and 2021, with a focus on modalities of visual art production. The articles included at the end of the selection process were evaluated methodologically by the PEDro Scale of clinical trials. Results: A total of 14 articles were obtained at the end of the selection. Of note, 13 articles had a statistically significant outcome (p≤0.005) for quality of life, cognitive, and emotional functions after intervention with art therapy, being the most used interventions, such as drawing, paintings, and sculptures. Conclusions: The results show significant impacts after the application of art therapy in its visual modality. However, studies with greater methodological rigor are needed to strengthen the evidence presented.

O envelhecimento é caracterizado pela redução das funções físicas, cognitivas e emocionais, possibilitando múltiplas perdas na qualidade de vida do idoso. Como situação clínica que possui comum associação com o envelhecimento patológico, o transtorno neurocognitivo, anteriormente chamado de demência, vem-se tornando epidemiologicamente mais relevante com o passar dos anos. Desse modo, a terapia pela arte surgiu recentemente como técnica alternativa para a abordagem desses indivíduos, com o objetivo de melhorar o estado cognitivo e emocional e a qualidade de vida. Objetivo: Analisar os efeitos da aplicação da terapia pela arte baseada em processos criativos visuais nos aspectos cognitivos e emocionais e na qualidade de vida em idosos com transtorno neurocognitivo. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática, realizada nas bases de dados da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), PubMed, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Centro Latino-Americano e do Caribe de Informação em Ciências da Saúde (Bireme), Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs) e Scorpus, realizada entre dezembro de 2020 e abril de 2021. Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos controlados e não controlados em inglês, espanhol, francês e português, publicados entre 1970 e 2021, com enfoque em modalidades de produção de arte visual. Os artigos incluídos ao fim do processo de seleção foram avaliados metodologicamente pela escala PEDro de ensaios clínicos. Resultados: Catorze artigos foram obtidos ao fim da seleção. Treze tiveram desfecho estatisticamente significativo (p=<0,005) para qualidade de vida, funções cognitivas e emocionais após a intervenção com arte-terapia, sendo as intervenções mais usadas: elaboração de desenhos, pinturas e esculturas. Conclusões: Os resultados apontam para impactos significativos após a aplicação da arte-terapia em sua modalidade visual. No entanto, são necessários estudos com maior rigor metodológico para fortalecer as evidências apresentadas.

Breast MRI: Simplifying Protocol and BI-RADS Categories.

BACKGROUND: Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a useful imaging method, and studies have proven abbreviated protocols may reduce its time and costs with comparable accuracy. To assess the agreement of the abbreviated and full MRI protocols for breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional study included consecutive women who underwent breast MRI from June 2019 to May 2020. Breast MRIs were performed in 2 hospitals, and 3 board-certified radiologists conducted its evaluations. The abbreviated breast MRI was assessed in the following order: MIP; subtraction; and T1W pre- and post-contrast. Findings were categorized according Breast Imaging - Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS 5th edition). The groups were named simplified BI-RADS and were adapted from BI-RADS 5-point scoring system. RESULTS: Four hundred and nineteen women (838 BI-RADS), with mean age of 49.5 ± 12.3 years were evaluated. A very good agreement was found between the protocols for total population (weighted kappa: 0.95; P <.001) and for MRI indication subgroups (weighted kappa: 0.86-1.00; P <.001). A high accuracy was also observed comparing abbreviated breast MRI compared to a full diagnostic MRI (97.6%). CONCLUSION: Abbreviated breast MRI has demonstrated performance comparable to full diagnostic MRI protocols for breast cancer screening and diagnostic. In addition, the present study proposes the use of the simplified BI-RADS as a new classification, in order to assist physicians in clinical management.

Care with child development and André Bullinger's special look at prematurity.

OBJECTIVE: To assess different ways of caring for preterm infants' development and for their families in neonatal units, with emphasis on the studies by André Bullinger. DATA SOURCE: A review of the literature in the databases PubMed, SciELO, and the Cairn.info portal, which publishes reviews in human sciences in French. Also, the books and articles of André Bullinger, available only in French, were reviewed. DATA SYNTHESIS: This review includes the Kangaroo Method, which is based on skin to skin contact and the encouragement of breastfeeding; the Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP), based on the Synaptic Developmental Theory and aiming to positively change the neonatal environment, having the preterm newborn as the actor of their own development and the mother as a regulator; and the Bullinger Approach, which uses a sensory-motor perspective to approach child development, including preterm infants' development. CONCLUSIONS: The Kangaroo Method has changed child developmental care in countries with limited financial resources. NIDCAP was shown to be efficient, although only a few long-term studies have been conducted on the subject. The Bullinger Approach is well diffused in European neonatal units, with promising results for the prevention of neurodevelopmental disabilities, especially those related to orality.

Sífilis gestacional e congênita: evolução e relação com estratégia saúde da família no sul e extremo sul baiano / Gestational and congenital syphilis: evolution and relationship with the family health strategy in Southern Bahia / Sífilis gestacional y congénita: evolución y relación con la estrategia de salud familiar sur/extremo sur de Bahia

Sífilis em gestantes e sífilis congênita representam importantes problemas de saúde pública no Brasil. Este estudo descreve a situação epidemiológica dos casos de sífilis em gestantes e sífilis congênita na região sul/extremo sul baiana e compara a evolução das taxas de detecção dessas doenças com a ampliação da cobertura da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF). Este é um estudo observacional e descritivo do período de 2009-2019. Foram analisados municípios agrupados em diferentes portes populacionais e casos analisados, segundo características maternas e assistenciais. Foram correlacionadas taxas de detecção e incidência com a cobertura da Estratégia Saúde da Família utilizando o coeficiente de correlação de postos de Spearman. Os dados foram coletados do Painel de Indicadores Epidemiológicos do Ministério da Saúde. O grupo com população inferior a 20 mil habitantes foi excluído pela precariedade de registros. Foram notificados um total de 3.028 casos de sífilis em gestantes e 1.454 de sífilis congênita, nos 22 municípios selecionados, que formaram três grupos. Todos os grupos apresentaram aumento nas taxas de detecção e incidência e, quando correlacionadas com a cobertura da Estratégia de Saúde da Família, mostraram resultados positivos, sendo os mais fortes para o de menor população. Em todos os grupos prevaleceram casos de mulheres jovens, com baixa escolaridade, em sua maioria negras e que realizaram pré-natal, mas com diagnóstico de sífilis primária no terceiro trimestre gestacional. O tratamento da gestante e do parceiro foi inadequado ou não realizado na maioria dos grupos. O desafio atual está em qualificar o pré-natal, controlar desigualdades e barrar a transmissão vertical.

Gestational and congenital syphilis is a serious public health issue in Brazil. This study describes the epidemiological situation of gestational and congenital syphilis cases in southern Bahia, comparing the evolution of the detection rates of these diseases with the expanded coverage of the Family Health Strategy (FHS). An observational and descriptive research was conducted for the period of 2009-2019, in municipalities grouped by population sizes, analyzing cases according to maternal and care characteristics. Detection and incidence rates were correlated with the Family Health Strategy coverage using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Data were collected from the Epidemiological Indicators Panel of the Ministry of Health. The group with a population of less than 20,000 inhabitants was excluded due to poor records. A total of 3028 cases of gestational syphilis and 1454 cases of congenital syphilis were reported in the 22 selected municipalities divided into three groups. All groups presented increased detection and incidence rates and showed positive correlations with the coverage of the Family Health Strategy, stronger for the smallest population. Results show a prevalence of cases involving mostly young black women, with low schooling level, who received prenatal care, with a diagnosis of primary syphilis in the third gestational trimester. Treatment of the pregnant woman and her partner was inadequate or not performed in most groups. The current challenge is to qualify prenatal care, control inequalities, and stop vertical transmission.

Gestational and congenital syphilis is a serious public health issue in Brazil. This study describes the epidemiological situation of gestational and congenital syphilis cases in southern Bahia, comparing the evolution of the detection rates of these diseases with the expanded coverage of the Family Health Strategy (FHS). An observational and descriptive research was conducted for the period of 2009-2019, in municipalities grouped by population sizes, analyzing cases according to maternal and care characteristics. Detection and incidence rates were correlated with the Family Health Strategy coverage using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Data were collected from the Epidemiological Indicators Panel of the Ministry of Health. The group with a population of less than 20,000 inhabitants was excluded due to poor records. A total of 3028 cases of gestational syphilis and 1454 cases of congenital syphilis were reported in the 22 selected municipalities divided into three groups. All groups presented increased detection and incidence rates and showed positive correlations with the coverage of the Family Health Strategy, stronger for the smallest population. Results show a prevalence of cases involving mostly young black women, with low schooling level, who received prenatal care, with a diagnosis of primary syphilis in the third gestational trimester. Treatment of the pregnant woman and her partner was inadequate or not performed in most groups. The current challenge is to qualify prenatal care, control inequalities, and stop vertical transmission.

Entre apagamentos e afirmações: reposicionamentos do trabalho e da deficiência / Between deletions and affirmations: repositioning of work and disability / Entre eliminaciones y afirmaciones: reposicionamiento del trabajo y discapacidad

O artigo objetiva discutir efeitos da reforma trabalhista no Brasil, em 2017, na relação deficiência e trabalho. Adotamos como questões: quais são os reposicionamentos que a multifuncionalidade do trabalhador, marca da especialização flexível, coloca para o modelo social da deficiência? E quais reposicionamentos estão colocados com o modelo social da deficiência, nas pistas de Débora Diniz, Marcia Moraes e Anahi Mello? Com base em pesquisa documental e bibliográfica, colocamos em cena o apagamento do trabalho no cenário brasileiro atual, com as leituras de David Harvey e Ricardo Antunes. A Carteira de Trabalho foi tomada como um analisador, pela escrita de Simone Guedes. A condição de contribuinte passa a ser determinante com a versão digital nas pactuações e contratações de trabalho, cada vez mais precárias. Junto com a "pejotização", cresce o trabalho informal e a marca do trabalho doméstico: a invisibilidade. O que apagamos e afirmamos com nossas escritas de pesquisa?

The article aims to discuss the effects of labor reform in Brazil, in 2017, on the relationship between disability and work. We adopt as questions: What are the repositioning that the multifunctionality of the worker, a mark of flexible specialization, poses to the social model of disability? And what repositioning are placed with the social model of disability, in the tracks of Deborah Diniz, Marcia Moraes and Anahi Mello? Based on a documentary and bibliographical research, we put on the scene the deletion of the work in the current Brazilian scenario, with the readings of David Harvey and Ricardo Antunes. The work card was taken as an analyzer by the writing of Simone Guedes. The condition of taxpayer becomes determinant with the digital version in the increasingly precarious agreements and hiring work. Along with "pejotização", informal work grows and the mark of domestic work: invisibility. What do we erase and affirm with our writing policies?

El artículo tiene como objetivo discutir los efectos de la reforma laboral en Brasil, en 2017, sobre la relación entre discapacidad y trabajo. Adoptamos como preguntas: ¿Cuáles son los reposicionamientos que la multifuncionalidad del trabajador, una marca de especialización flexible, pone para el modelo social de discapacidad? ¿Y qué reposicionamientos se colocan con el modelo social de discapacidad, en las pistas de Débora Diniz, Marcia Moraes y Anahi Mello? Basado en la investigación documental y bibliográfica, pusimos en escena la eliminación del trabajo en el escenario brasileño actual, con lecturas de David Harvey y Ricardo Antunes. La tarjeta de trabajo fue tomada como un analizador, por escrito de Simone Guedes. El estado del contribuyente se vuelve determinante con la versión digital en los acuerdos y contratos de trabajo, cada vez más precarios. Junto con la "pejotização", crece El trabajo informal y la marca del trabajo doméstico: invisibilidad. ¿Qué borramos y afirmamos con nuestros escritos de investigación?

Sistema de informações sobre nascidos vivos: qualidade e perfil de nascimentos no extremo sul baiano / Information system on live births: quality and profile of births in Southern Bahia / Sistema de informaciones sobre nascidos vivos: cualidad y perfil de nacimientos en el extremo sur de Bahía

A alimentação adequada e a confiabilidade das informações do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (Sinasc) têm importância decisiva para análise da saúde materno-infantil. Este estudo avaliou a cobertura e completude das informações do Sinasc e o perfil de nascimentos de grupos populacionais em uma região da Bahia, em 2002-2007-2012-2017. A cobertura foi calculada pela razão entre nascidos vivos informados e estimados; a completude dos dados e perfil foram analisados avaliando as características maternas, gestação, parto e recém-nascido. As coberturas variaram entre 28% e 100%, com menores valores para o grupo de municípios de menor porte. Na região, houve crescimento de 23% na cobertura do Sinasc entre 2002 e 2012 e de 17,4% entre 2002 e 2017. Todos os municípios alcançaram coberturas superiores a 60% nos dois últimos anos. Em 2002, variáveis importantes como raça/cor, escolaridade e teste Apgar 5o minuto registraram completude de preenchimento de ruim a regular. O perfil predominante é de mães jovens (20-29 anos), da raça/cor negra, baixa escolaridade, com acesso a sete ou mais consultas de pré-natal, gestações a termo e partos vaginais. Os grupos de Robson mais frequentes foram o G3/G1/G5, considerados baixo risco para cesáreas. As maiores proporções de baixo peso ao nascer foram para o grupo de maior porte e a presença de anomalias congênitas não ultrapassou 1%. O estudo destaca razoável incremento na qualidade das informações do Sinasc, elevação no nível de escolaridade materna, adolescentes contribuindo com 20%-37% dos nascimentos, ampliação no número de consultas de pré-natal e aumento da frequência de cesarianas e nascimentos prematuros.

Adequate input and reliability of information from the Information System on Live Births (Sinasc) is key for analysis of maternal and child health. This study evaluated the coverage and completeness of Sinasc information and the birth profile of populational groups in southern Bahia, in 2002, 2007, 2012 and 2017. Coverage was calculated by the ration between reported and estimated live births. Data completeness and profile were analyzed by assessing the maternal, pregnancy, birth, and newborn characteristics. Coverage ranged from 28% to 100%, with lower values for smaller municipalities. The region saw a 23% increase in Sinasc coverage between 2002 and 2012, and 17.4% between 2002 and 2017. All municipalities reached coverages greater than 60% in the last two years. In 2002, important variables such as race/color, schooling level and 5th minute Apgar score registered poor to regular completeness. The predominant profile is of young black mothers (20-29 years old) with low schooling level, access to seven or more pre-natal visits, full-term pregnancies, and vaginal births. The most frequent Robson groups were G3, G1 and G5, considered low risk for caesarian sections. Low birth weight was highest in the larger group, and the presence of congenital anomalies did not exceed 1%. The study highlights a reasonable increase in the quality of Sinasc information, an increase in maternal schooling, adolescents contributing to 20%-37% of births, an increase in pre-natal consultations, and an increase in caesarian sections and premature births.

La alimentación adecuada y la confiabilidad de informaciones del Sistema de Informaciones sobre Nacidos Vivos (Sinasc) son claves para el análisis de salud materno-infantil. Este estudio evaluó la cobertura y totalidad de las informaciones en el Sinasc y el perfil de nacimientos de grupos poblacionales de una región de Bahía (Brasil), en 2002-2007, y 2012 y 2017. La cobertura se calculó con la razón entre nacidos vivos informados y estimados; la totalidad de los datos y perfil se analizaron con base en las características maternas, gestación, parto y recién nacido. Las coberturas variaran del 28% al 100%, con menores números para el grupo de municipios menores. Hubo incremento del 23% en la cobertura del Sinasc entre 2002 y 2012, y del 17,4% entre 2002 y 2017. Todos los municipios alcanzaran coberturas superiores al 60% en los últimos dos años. En 2002, variables importantes, como raza/color, nivel de estudios y Apgar 5o minuto, registraran una totalidad de información de mala a regular. El perfil predominante es de madres jóvenes (20-29 años), raza/color negro, bajo nivel de estudios, con acceso a siete o más consultas prenatales, gestaciones a término y partos vaginales. Los grupos de Robson más frecuentes fueran G3, G1, G5, considerados de bajo riesgo para cesáreas. Las mayores proporciones de bajo peso al nacer fueron del grupo de municipios más grandes y la presencia de anomalías congénitas no ultrapasó el 1%. El estudio destaca un razonable aumento en la cualidad de informaciones en Sinasc, aumento del nivel de estudios de la madre, adolescentes contribuyendo con el 20%-37% de los nacimientos, ampliación de consultas prenatales y de la frecuencia de cesarianas y nacimientos prematuros.

Nursing coaching leadership and its influence on job satisfaction and patient safety. / Liderança coaching na enfermagem e sua influência na satisfação profissional e segurança do paciente.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the nursing technicians' perception with the nurses' self-perception of the exercise of nurses' coaching leadership and to check the influence of this leadership model on the safety climate and on the team's satisfaction. METHOD: This is a correlational study, carried out with 85 nurses and 85 nursing technicians, using the Questionnaire on the Nurse's Self-Perception of Leadership Exercise, the Questionnaire on Nursing Technicians' and Assistants' Perception of Leadership Exercise, and the subscales Safety climate and Satisfaction at Work. The relations among the professionals' responses were assessed using the Mann Whitney test and Spearman's coefficient. RESULTS: Nurses achieved higher means in the four dimensions of coaching Leadership, and in three, the differences were significant (p < 0.05). The dimensions of Coaching Leadership obtained positive and significant correlations with the subscales Safety Climate and Satisfaction, the majority being of moderate magnitude. CONCLUSION: Nurses' self-perception regarding the exercise of leadership was more positive than the technicians' assessment. The more the nurse exercises the dimensions of Coaching Leadership, the better the team's safety climate and satisfaction.

Molecular Epidemiology of Sapovirus in Children Living in the Northwest Amazon Region.

Sapovirus is an important etiological agent of acute gastroenteritis (AGE), mainly in children under 5 years old living in lower-income communities. Eighteen identified sapovirus genotypes have been observed to infect humans. The aim of this study was to identify sapovirus genotypes circulating in the Amazon region. Twenty-eight samples were successfully genotyped using partial sequencing of the capsid gene. The genotypes identified were GI.1 (n = 3), GI.2 (n = 7), GII.1 (n = 1), GII.2 (n = 1), GII.3 (n = 5), GII.5 (n = 1), and GIV.1 (n = 10). The GIV genotype was the most detected genotype (35.7%, 10/28). The phylogenetic analysis identified sapovirus genotypes that had no similarity with other strains reported from Brazil, indicating that these genotypes may have entered the Amazon region via intense tourism in the Amazon rainforest. No association between histo-blood group antigen expression and sapovirus infection was observed.

Assessment of the preventive effects of Nd:YAG laser associated with fluoride on enamel caries using optical coherence tomography and FTIR spectroscopy.

OBJECTIVE: This in vitro study characterized and monitored, by Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), the effects of the association of acidulated phosphate fluoride gel (APF-gel) and Nd:YAG (neodymiun:yttrium-aluminum-garnet) laser, as sequencial treatments, in the prevention of incipient enamel caries lesions. METHODS: 120 human enamel samples were randomized into 3 groups (n = 40): APF-gel (1.23% F-, 4 min.); Laser+APF (Nd:YAG laser irradiation-0.6W, 84.9J/cm2, 10Hz, followed by APF-gel); and APF+Laser (APF-gel followed by laser irradiation). The samples were subjected to a 15-day pH-cycling, evaluated by OCT (quantification of optical attenuation coefficient-OAC) and FTIR (analysis of carbonate and phosphate content) before treatments, after treatments, and on the 5th, 10th and 15th days of pH-cycling. The statistical analysis was performed (α = 5%). RESULTS: The Optical Attenuation Coefficient (OAC) assessed by OCT increases with the progression of demineralization, and the Laser+APF presented the highest values of OAC in 10th and 15th days of pH-cycling. Nd:YAG decreased the carbonate content after treatment regardless of the application order of the APF-gel, while APF-gel did not interfere in the composition of enamel. The carbonate content was also changed in the first 5 days of the pH-cycling in all groups. CONCLUSION: Nd:YAG laser irradiation before or after the application of APF-gel did not influence the appearance of incipient caries lesions, showing no synergistic effect. Regardless of the application order of the APF-gel, laser irradiation reduces the carbonate content of the enamel, which also changes during the demineralization process. However, irradiation before the application of APF-gel increased the speed of progression of the lesions, which positively impacts public health as it can prevent caries disease, even in high risk individuals. OCT and FTIR are suitable for assessing this effect.

Epidemiology of enteric virus infections in children living in the Amazon region.

OBJECTIVES: To verify the frequency of viruses causing acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in association with the histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) and Rotarix™ vaccination coverage in children from the Amazon region. DESIGN: Fecal and saliva samples were collected from children with AGE (n = 485) and acute respiratory infection (ARI) (n = 249) clinical symptoms. Rotavirus A (RVA), norovirus, human adenovirus (HAdV), and sapovirus (SaV) were verified in feces by molecular detection. Saliva samples were used for HBGA phenotyping/FUT3 genotyping. Blood group types, clinical aspects and Rotarix™ RVA vaccination data were recorded. RESULTS: Norovirus remained the most prevalently detected cause of AGE (38%, 184/485 and ARI 21.3%, 53/249). High HAdV frequencies were observed in AGE children (28.6%, 139/485) and ARI children (37.3%, 93/249). RVA was the third most prevalent virus causing AGE (22.7%, 110/485 and ARI 19.3%, 48/249) and a low RV1 coverage (61%, 448/734) was verified. The SaV frequencies were lower (7.2%, 35/485 for AGE and 6.8%, 17/249 for ARI). Secretor children were HBGA susceptible to HAdV infection (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0-2.3; P = 0.04) but not to RVA, norovirus or SaV infection. CONCLUSIONS: Norovirus could be considered the main etiological agent of AGE. No association was verified for HBGA susceptibility to RVA, norovirus and SaV. Secretor children showed a slight susceptibility to HAdV infection and the Le (a-b-) heterogeneous SNPs on the FUT3 gene.